Worlds within worlds

Worlds within worlds I hear Early Action decisions went out. Congrats to those of you who got in. If you got deferred, dont take it too hard, plenty of people whom I know here got deferred EA and then got in. Eventually, those of you who get in will get to come to CPW. And some of you might have already visited overnight. Youll get to stay with a student, or a house (during CPW, if you stay in a fraternity, sorority, or independent living group, your host is the house, rather than a particular person). Youll get to experience a small slice of life at MIT to help make your decision about where to go to school. But will the slice be what youre looking for? I remember reading a comment last year on one of the blogs (Matts? Bens?) that took me aback. It was shortly after CPW, and one of the prefrosh who read the blog was complaining that the social atmosphere of MIT had been a letdown. He had expected, he explained, weirder, nerdier kids, like himself, and the kids he met were mostly disappointingly normal. And then every year there are the prefrosh who come from the opposite perspective theyre worried about going to a tech school because they want a more social life, and they are drawn to MITs academics but wish the students werent so weird and nerdy. Both ends of this spectrum are running into the same problem. Theyre missing a crucial point MIT might have some central values, and even some common cultural aspects (having lots of work to do, sympathy for peers who cant go to some fun thing because they have a pset or project due tomorrow, and willingness to help out your friends are pretty universal, for instance), but there isnt really any such thing as a campus-wide social culture. As an undergrad, your social culture, in my observation, depends largely on two factors: 1. Your living group 2. Your extracurricular activities Conveniently, these are both your choice. A recent session of 9.75 (Psychology of Gender and Race) illustrated this point pretty well for me. The professor put up a transparency with a script for a college-age heterosexual first date a list of things that the male is supposed to do, and a list of things that the female is supposed to do that was written by researchers who surveyed college students and were trying to figure out what sort of behavior was typical. Now, Im a little sheltered in this regard, because before college, I had no idea what was going on around me in terms of dating and relationships, nor did I care. If youd asked me what a typical date between students at my high school or middle school was like, I would have been clueless. And I dont generally trust pop culture representations of teen life. So my concept of what a first date between two young, heterosexual, monogamous people is like was framed mostly by my observations of such people in my social group at MIT. So my first reaction, when I read what was on the transparency, was Is this study from the 50s? I wasnt joking either. When I was told that no, it was from a few years ago, I was amazed. So were a few others. Quite a few of my classmates, however, were amazed that I was amazed. They said that, yes, this was pretty much what theyd expect from a first date. It was an interesting reminder that we take classes together and are bound together by intelligence and intensity and dedication, but socially we might as well be on different planets. Kind of cool, really. You can go to a different living group and find both a completely different culture and a powerful common bond. Anyway, back to the prefrosh that I talked about at the beginning. Admissions tries to match prefrosh and hosts well, but theres only so much you can do with limited information, especially during CPW when theres tons of prefrosh needing hosts and the hosts arent evenly distributed around campus. I remember when I was a prefrosh at CPW. I was temped at a sorority, Alpha Phi. The women of Alpha Phi are very nice people. They are not, however, the sort of living group I would tend to click with in terms of personality (I told Matt about this a couple of years later, and he couldnt imagine what they were thinking when they put me there). But there was a very nice sophomore there who helped me carry my bag to the house, a cheery Alpha Phi sister who lived in Baker House. We talked quite a bit during the walk, and she suggested that I go visit Senior Haus. I did, and I related much more to the culture there than I did to Alpha Phi, though I was still intimidated by the in-your-face quality of the urban punk atmosphere. When I got there, three or four residents were sitting around eating the food that was marked for prefrosh because no prefrosh were in the lobby, and they were so excited when I showed up and said that Id heard that they were the cool dorm, that they gave me a private tour. They also suggested that I check out East Campus, Random Hall, and Bexley Hall. As you might be aware, I now live in one of those dorms (East Campus). And I love it, and my wonderful hall 5th East, to death. My point is that theres probably something for you here no matter what kind of social climate you want. If you want outgoing people, wild parties, and varsity athletes, you can have that. If you want quiet, mild, studious people who are conservative in their behavior, you can have that. If you want hackers, or builders, or classic DD playing nerds, or arty indie kids and punks, or hippie engineers, or many other things, you can have that too. If youre on campus, and youre not finding the people youre looking forwell, you probably just need to ask around. Id be rather surprised if they arent there somewhere.

Brown the Last Discovery of America - 1331 Words

Brown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguez s three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In the chapter Hispanics, as seen through imagery, personification, and humor, Richard Rodriguez upsets the reader to show that racial categorization is unfit and that racial barriers are meant to be broken. Rodriguez begins the chapter by†¦show more content†¦This statement is funny because the reader himself is well acquainted with this term and probably has used it in his childhood. Though it is humorous, Rodriguez wants the reader to realize that the American language is unique becau se it has its disinclination to be tied down (113). The language itself is always yearning for the next generation to twist and form it to its own. Another comical section involves the character Miss Bolivia, a fictional character on a game show. The host, in the voice of Rodriguez, states that she is destined for Hispanicity because [she] lives in the United States (119).  ¿?, the girl responds. She considers herself to be  ¡Bolivian! (119). But the host does not care about Miss Bolivia s opinion and bid farewell to [her] and asks ‘Who s our next contestant, Johnny? (120). This scenario appeals to the reader because the host does not care for Miss Bolivia s opinion. She might think she is Bolivian, but she is going to be thought of as a Hispanic nevertheless. The author mainly mentions Miss Bolivia to show that by coining the word Hispanic in which it groups unrelated people, it has become a hybrid, uniform, [and] colorless (120). In other words, Hispanicism belo ngs not to one specific group but to everyone. As a result, humor subtlely suggests that racial categories do not reflect reality. Finally, personification communicates the nature of the word Hispanic, an objectShow MoreRelatedBrown: The Last Discovery Of America Essay example1391 Words   |  6 PagesBrown: The Last Discovery of America completes Richard Rodriguezs three-volume work in which he explains and explores the ethnic and racial future of America. In this particular book, the author defines the color brown not as the representation of the Hispanic race but as the color of the future. Black, white, yellow, the author explains, are incorrect racial categories for it is not how nature works. Nature yearns for combination of all different colors, and brown is the final result. In theRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Brown : The Last Discovery Of America1135 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is a melting pot of different people, culture, and religion. Although there are millions of different people from different parts of the world, it s citizens would like to appear united and patriotic. To foreigners, every person living in the United States is an American; however, within the country, there are divisions among the society through a concept called race. No citizen calls themselves an American to another American. The individual labels themselves Hispanics, Asians, [or]Read MoreEssay on Inventions and Discoveries of the 1960’s1605 Words   |  7 PagesInventions and Discoveries of the 1960’s The 1960’s era was a time period notorious for its technology and innovation. This particular era of time was booming with creativity. People started to venture outside of the traditional mindset established by their elders, and the new generation made a great impact on the American lifestyle. The original models of these creations have been modified into complex designs, yet as we strive for perfection, we still use these revolutionary concepts. LikeRead MoreAnalysis of James Howard Kunstlers The Long Emergency1043 Words   |  4 Pagesdoesnt have to have great credentials as a scholar to write a book like this one, Kunstlers credibility is on the line when his narrative is overloaded with claims like: a) †¦all bets are off about civilizations future; b) a dazed and crippled America will either regroup or die-back; and c) while society struggles with a loss of electricity, designer viruses will whittle down the worlds population. Indeed the world is going to run o ut of oil in at some point in time, but Kunstler offers anRead MoreThe Copy-Rights Law : The Laws Of Copy Rights Laws828 Words   |  4 Pagesfind in-depth details on each copy right law, what it does, and how long it is effective for. The author mentions first that around fifteen years ago it was President Bill Clinton that signed a copyright extension law. The article explains that when America was first founded that copyright protection was only good for approximately twenty eight years. From there the author begins explaining to the reader how copyright laws have advanced since that time. They talk about how in the mid-twentieth centuryRead MoreHistorical Events Between 1920- 1990787 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Events between 1920- 1990 The 1920 census indicates a population in the United States over 100 million people, for the first time. The 15% increase since the last census now showed a count of 106,021,537. The geographic center of the United States population still remained in Indiana, eight miles south-southeast of Spencer, in Owen County. Then on January 10, 1920 The League of Nations is established with the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, ending the hostilities of theRead MoreA Pair Of Tickets By Amy Tan1555 Words   |  7 PagesChinese despite her mother’s insistence. Jing-mei is ignorant about the people and places in China, which could be the most likely cause of her being raised in America and only knowing American culture. Setting is integral for Jing-mei to finally understand herself. In Amy Tan’s short story â€Å"A Pair of Tickets† setting is used to emphasize the discovery of self-identity as well as heritage and culture for the protagonist Jing-mei. Having lived all her life in San Francesco, Jing-mei has never consideredRead MoreDavid Walker ( 1785-1830 ) Traces For Events That Transpired During The Civil War1593 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance and deracination, aggressive to last privation would he ask to be God? Alluring of which ought to be slavery to the American person and children forever is the main problem. Too it is the most egregious historical analysis of slavery that condition crueler. Almost deign an  ¬Ã‚ ¬enlighten and Christian people. Only they created characters that represent how people felt at the time. They are crests of characters with many years ago of expression has in Afro America life. Also He had international workplaceRead MoreDavid Walker ( 1785-1830 ) Traces From Events That Transpired During The Civil War1593 Words   |  7 Pagesignorance and deracination, aggressive to last privation would he ask to be God? Alluring of which ought to be slavery to the American person and children forever is t he main problem. Too it is the most egregious historical analysis of slavery that condition crueler. Almost deign an enlighten and Christian people. Only they created characters that represent how people felt in the time. They are crest of characters with many years ago of expression has in afro America life. Also He had international workRead MoreAnalysis Of Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesBury My Heart at Wounded Knee is a non-fiction book written by Dee Brown on the removal and extinction of the native peoples that called America their home. The title was created by utilizing a line from Stephen Vincent Benà ©t’s poem â€Å"American Names†. Furthermore, the book demonstrates the deteriorating relations between the natives and whites over time through the descriptions of atrocities imposed upon each Native American tribe by the white settlers. The number of these atrocities greatly outnumbers

Exemplification Essay Welfare, A Vicious Circle - 1427 Words

Its Dianas turn at the tiny glass window. Her face burns red with shame as she is handed her monthly check. Two small children tug at her dress, their stomachs growling from a day without food. She looks down at her two children, her face filled with pain and guilt. What had happened to their happy life? With just the stroke of the pen across a divorce decree, Diana and her children were thrust into the humiliation of the welfare line. For two years now, Diana has tried to get back on her feet, but with only a high school diploma, she cant find a job to support her family. Getting a college degree is her only way out, but her check isnt enough to afford daycare, so shes stuck accepting welfare. This is not an†¦show more content†¦Many male political figureheads have gone as far to say that government largess to poor mothers ruins character, breaks up families, weakens the economy, and bloats the budget (Abramovitz and Piven A23). Many blame the countrys economic problems on the huge burden of welfare. They want reforms to cut welfare spending, but with the welfare rolls stabilizing in the 1970s, funding for the welfare program only accounts for one percent of the annual federal budget (Buchsbaum 6). The public feels it is okay to receive social security, defense contracts, or bank bailouts, but welfare is seen as the root of all evil. In theory, welfares job is to help support those who are having some hard times until they can get back on their feet; in actuality this system is not even coming close to meeting its goals. In order to help a family over an obstacle, welfare benefits must be at least equal to the poverty line standard, if not over it. Today, the average monthly welfare check is approximately $417.00, while the federal poverty line is $932.00 per month (7). Some government leaders, such as President Clinton, have wanted to start a work program for welfare recipients where they will have jobs working at minimum wage, but they will only be allowed to work thirty-five hours per week (DeParle A12). This program is onlyShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBusiness Cultures,† Journal of Business Ethics 85, no. 4 (2009), pp. 445–451. â€Å"Unplanned Absence Costs Organi zations 8.7 Percent of Payroll, Mercer/Kronos Study† (June 28, 2010), www .mercer.com/press-releases/1383785. W. Hoge, â€Å"Sweden’s Cradle-to-Grave Welfare Starts to Get Ill,† International Herald Tribune (September 25, 2002), p. 8. See www.bls.gov/data (May 11, 2005). See, for example, M. C. Sturman and C. O. Trevor, â€Å"The Implications of Linking the Dynamic Performance and Turnover Literatures,† Journal

Mountain Man Brewing Company Free Essays

Mountain Man Brewing Company| To:| Chris Prangel| From:| 001706975| CC:| David Nasser| Date:| 3/4/2013| Re:| Bringing the Brand to Light| Comments:| For the first time in the company’s history, Mountain Man Brewing Company is experiencing declining sales in response to changes in beer drinkers’ preferences. Mr. Prangel’s response to this problem is introducing a â€Å"light beer† form of the popular Lager. We will write a custom essay sample on Mountain Man Brewing Company or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the past six years, the â€Å"light beer† industry as increased at an annual rate of 4% while sales of traditional beer has been declining annually by 4%. Although this seems like a probable solution, there are two major problems Mr. Prangel is facing: 1. ) Mountain Man’s current target market will not approve of this new beer, and 2. ) bringing in a light version of the Mountain Man Lager could ruin the brand image and ultimately destroy the company. Mountain Man’s biggest target market currently, and pretty much since it started in 1925, is males ages 45-54. Most of these males are blue-collar, hardworking males. It has been known as â€Å"West Virginia’s Beer† known for its authenticity, quality and its toughness. To the younger beer drinkers, the market the light beer appeals to, view Mountain Man beer as too strong and a â€Å"working man’s† beer. Not only do the younger beer drinkers have their negative thoughts about Mountain Man developed, but the blue-collar customers account for a huge percentage of sales. The brand loyalty rate for Mountain Man Lager is 53% which is higher than any of its competitors. The â€Å"light beer† appeals to the younger generation, especially the females, and Mountain Man Lager has always appealed to the older, rugged, blue-collar male. The appearance of Mr. Prangel’s dilemma is very evident. Based on the evidence, Mountain Man should not introduce the light beer. The light beer industry is growing, that can’t be denied, however for Mountain Man, it is not in their best interest yet. Although the quantitative reasoning is included below, it would be in Mountain Man Brewing Company’s best interest to take the $750,000 and spend it elsewhere: create a new beer (non-light) that can appeal to more than the current target market without losing its brand image, spend more money for advertising to the younger beer-drinking market. Mountain Man Brewing Company needs to have a wider target market before introducing a completely new product that could potentially destroy the company if it were unsuccessful. THE PROS AND CONS OF INTRODUCING A LIGHT BEER The most beneficial pro of introducing Mountain Man Light will be reaching the younger beer drinkers. It is shown that the younger beer drinkers enjoy the light beer better, and also in their twenties, usually haven’t committed to a brand yet. Mountain Man is very well-known by the younger beer drinkers, however, they tend to buy and consume in quantity; the Mountain Man Lager is not on their top preference, along with other lagers and full-flavor beers. Introducing this light beer could reach the younger beer drinkers and potentially lead to brand loyalty amongst them. A few cons could be losing brand loyalty amongst the older generation, losing sales of the Mountain Man Lager due to cannibalization, and a lower contribution margin. THE BRAND NAME OF A LIGHT BEER If the light beer were introduced, the name Mountain Man Light is not the best option for the market Mountain Man is already in. A 53% loyalty rate is great for a company that produces one flavor of a brew. If the company that they have seen as for years as a rugged, authentic, â€Å"West Virginia’s Beer†, puts out a â€Å"light† version, its image could be lost immediately. In response to the introduction of a light beer by Mountain Man, it was the man in his fifties and early thirties that found it to be absurd. BREAK EVEN AND BREAK EVEN IN MARKET SHARE IN 2 YEARS By keeping the same price for light as the lager, breakeven in dollar amount is almost $10,000,000 which then translates into 100,473 barrels. Within two years, Mountain Man Light will have to produce almost $10,000,000 in sales and sale 20% of what Mountain Man Lager has worked almost a century to sale. As for the market share, Mountain Man Light will need to gain a 26% of the market share in 2 years to break even. This seems very unrealistic since the leading brand light beer now consumers 32. 9% and the second leading brand holds 17. 8% of the market. Mountain Man Light will have to become the second leading brand in the market within only 2 years (assuming that the sales of â€Å"light beer† continue to grow annually by 4%). CANNIBALIZATION RATE Because Mountain Man Lager produces so many units and produces such high sales already, the difference in cannibalization of 5% to 20% is pretty significant (almost 1,000,000). Two year contribution with a 5% cannibalization rate is $32,895,226. 2 compared to $31,988,859. 59 with a 20% cannibalization rate. This is a major loss in sales of the Mountain Man Lager. If cannibalization is inevitable, the lower percentage of cannibalization is the best option, it yields a higher contribution. Anything above 20% is unnecessary and definitely not worth introducing the Mountain Man Light. BUDGET FOR THE LAUNCH The budget of $750,000 added onto the $900,000 already annual cost of SGA costs is not appropriate. Not only is it adding that money onto the annual SGA costs, it adds $4. 9 more per barrel in variable costs. Yet, the price of the light will still be the same as the lager. It will produce a 60% awareness level for Mountain Man Light, however, reduces the contribution margin by 16%; the price remains the same and cost of goods sold increases. Adding an expense like $750,000, a company should expect it to be better for the company. A 16% decrease in the contribution margin is not good for a company like Mountain Man that has its one specialty product in which it is known for. THE LAUNCH Although it is not recommended to introduce this Mountain Man Light because of the previous stated concerns, Mountain Man should not stop there and let the company fail. Mountain Man can take their $750,000 and introduce another beer just not a â€Å"light beer†. Keep the authentic, rugged brand image by introducing a different type of brew that will continue to appeal to the target market. Mountain Man should try to increase its target market with its original idea before it tries to introduce a new brand. If this is not ideal, the $750,000 can be spent on gaining, and retaining, a younger, beer drinking crowd. There is always a way to appeal to a younger crowd, Mountain Man needs to find the window of opportunity and take those consumers. With the high awareness of Mountain Man Lager by the younger beer drinker, however, Mountain Man could change their marketing strategy and discover a way to appeal to the younger market. | Contribution of Lager and Light Breakeven in Dollars and Units (Barrels) Market Share Cannibalization of 5% Cannibalization of 20% How to cite Mountain Man Brewing Company, Essay examples

The Agriculture and Economics of Peru Essay Example For Students

The Agriculture and Economics of Peru Essay Perus gross domestic product in the late 1980s was $19.6 billion, or about $920 per capita. Although the economy remains primarily agricultural, the mining and fishing industries have become increasingly important. Peru relies primarily on the export of raw materialschiefly minerals, farm products, and fish mealto earn foreign exchange for importing machinery and manufactured goods. During the late 1980s, guerrilla violence, rampant inflation, chronic budget deficits, and drought combined to drive the country to the brink of fiscal insolvency. However, in 1990 the government imposed an austerity program that removed price controls and ended subsidies on many basic items and allowed the inti, the national currency, to float against the United States dollar. About 35 percent of Perus working population is engaged in farming. Most of the coastal area is devoted to the raising of export crops; on the montaa and the sierra are mainly grown crops for local consumption. Many farms in Peru are very small and are used to produce subsistence crops; the country also has large cooperative farms. The chief agricultural products, together with the approximate annual yield (in metric tons) in the late 1980s, were sugarcane (6.2 million), potatoes (2 million), rice (1. We will write a custom essay on The Agriculture and Economics of Peru specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1 million), corn (880,000), seed cotton (280,000), coffee (103,000), and wheat (134,000). Peru is the worlds leading grower of coca, from which the drug cocaine is refined. The livestock population included about 3.9 million cattle, 13.3 million sheep, 1.7 million goats, 2. 4 million hogs, 875,000 horses and mules, and 52 million poultry. Llamas, sheep, and vicuas provide wool, hides, and skins. The forests covering 54 percent of Perus land area have not been significantly exploited. Forest products include balsa lumber and balata gum, rubber, and a variety of medicinal plants. Notable among the latter is the cinchona plant, from which quinine is derived. The annual roundwood harvest in the late 1980s was 7. 7 million cu m. The fishing industry is extremely important to the countrys economy and accounts for a significant portion of Perus exports. It underwent a remarkable expansion after World War II (1939-1945); the catch in the late 1980s was about 5.6 million metric tons annually. More than three-fifths of the catch is anchovies, used for making fish meal, a product in which Peru leads the world. The extractive industries figure significantly in the Peruvian economy. Peru ranks as one of the worlds leading producers of copper, silver, lead, and zinc; petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, molybdenum, tungsten, and gold are extracted in significant quantities. Annual production in the late 1980s included 3.3 million metric tons of iron ore; 406,400 metric tons of copper; 2054 metric tons of silver; 203,950 metric tons of lead; and 612,500 metric tons of zinc. About 64.9 million barrels of crude petroleum were produced, along with 578.3 million cu m of natural gas. Much manufacturing in Peru is on a small scale, but a number of modern industries have been established since the 1950s along the Pacific coast. Traditional goods include textiles, clothing, food products, and handicrafts. Items produced in large modern plants include steel, refined petroleum, chemicals, processed minerals, motor vehicles, and fish meal. In the late 1980s Peru had an installed electricity-generating capacity of approximately 3.7 million kw, and annual output was approximately 14.2 billion kwh. About three-quarters of the total electricity produced was generated in hydroelectric facilities. The unit of currency in Peru is the inti, divided into 100 cntimos; after being allowed to float against the U.S. dollar, the inti fluctuated wildly at between 200,000 and 400,000 to the dollar in mid-1990. The Banco Central de Reserva del Per (1922) is the central bank and bank of issue. All private domestic banks were nationalized in 1987. .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .postImageUrl , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:visited , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:active { border:0!important; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:active , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast Cancer In Women Essay Exports are more diversified in Peru than in most South American countries. The principal exports are petroleum, copper, lead, coffee, silver, fish meal, zinc, sugar, and iron ore. The chief export markets are the United States, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, and Great Britain. Exports earned about $2.7 billion annually in the late 1980s. The leading imports of Peru include electrical and electronic items, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals, and transportation equipment. The principal sources of these goods are the United States, Japan, Argentina, Germany, and Brazil. Imports cost about $2.8 billion annually in the late 1980s. Perus system of railroads, highways, and airports has been expanded considerably since World War II. The countrys mountains make surface transport difficult, however. In the late 1980s Peru had about 69,940 km (about 43,460 mi) of roads, of which 11 percent were paved. The main artery is a section of the .

Cadmium Facts - Periodic Table

Cadmium Facts - Periodic Table Cadmium Atomic Number 48 Cadmium Symbol Cd Cadmium Atomic Weight 112.411 Cadmium Discovery Fredrich Stromeyer 1817 (Germany) Electron Configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 Word Origin Latin cadmia, Greek kadmeia - ancient name for calamine, zinc carbonate. Cadmium was first discovered by Stromeyer as an impurity in zinc carbonate. Properties admium has a melting point of 320.9Â °C, boiling point of 765Â °C, spcific gravity of 8.65 (20Â °C), and a valence of 2. Cadmium is a blue-white metal soft enough to be easily cut with a knife. Uses Cadmium is used in alloys with low melting points. It is a component of bearing alloys to given them a low coefficient of friction and resistance to fatigue. Most cadium is used for electroplating. It is also used for many types of solder, for NiCd batteries, and to control atomic fission reactions. Cadmium compounds are used for black and white television phosphors and in the green and blue phosphors for color television tubes. Cadmium salts have wide application. Cadmium sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium and its compounds are toxic. Sources Cadmium is most commonly found in small quantities associated with zinc ores (e.g., sphalerite ZnS). The mineral greenockite (CdS) is another source of cadmium. Cadmium is obtained as a by-product during treatment of zinc, lead, and copper ores. Element Classification Transition Metal Density (g/cc) 8.65 Melting Point (K) 594.1 Boiling Point (K) 1038 Appearance soft, malleable, blue-white metal Atomic Radius (pm) 154 Atomic Volume (cc/mol) 13.1 Covalent Radius (pm) 148 Ionic Radius 97 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol) 0.232 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol) 6.11 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol) 59.1 Debye Temperature (K) 120.00 Pauling Negativity Number 1.69 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol) 867.2 Oxidation States 2 Lattice Structure Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…) 2.980 Lattice C/A Ratio 1.886 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table Chemistry Encyclopedia

Islamic Mullah

Islamic Mullah Mullah is the name given  to teachers or scholars of Islamic learning or the leaders of mosques. The term is usually a mark of respect but can also be used in a derogatory manner and is primarily used in Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia. In Arabic-speaking lands, an Islamic cleric is called an imam or Shayk  instead. Mullah is derived from the Arabic term mawla, which means master or the one in charge. Throughout Southern Asias history, these rulers of Arabic descent have led cultural revolutions and religious war alike. However, a mullah is general a local Islamic leader, although sometimes they rise to national prominence. Usage in Modern Culture Most often, Mullah refers to Islamic scholars well-versed in the sacred law of the Quran, however, in  Central  and  East Asia, the term mullah is used on a local level to refer to mosque leaders and scholars as a sign of respect.   Iran is a unique case in that it uses the term in a pejorative manner, referring to low-level clerics as mullahs because the term derives from Shiite  Islam wherein the Quran casually mentions mullah multiple times throughout its pages while Shia Islam is the dominant religion of the country. Instead, clergymen and religious leaders use alternative terms to refer to their most respected members of the faith.   In most senses, though, the term has disappeared from modern usage except to mock those who are overly devout in their religious pursuits - a sort of insult for reading the Quran too much and assuming oneself the Mullah referred to in the sacred text. Respected Scholars Still, there is some respect behind the name mullah - at least for those who regard those well versed in religious texts as mullahs. In these cases, the astute scholar must have a firm understanding of all things Islam - especially as it pertains to the contemporary society wherein the hadith (traditions) and fiqh (law) are equally important. Oftentimes, those considered to be mullah will have memorized the Quran and all of its important teachings and lessons - though often times throughout history uneducated common folk would misname visiting clerics mullahs because of their vast knowledge (comparatively) of the religion. Mullahs can also be considered teachers and political leaders. As teachers, mullahs share their knowledge of religious texts in schools called madrasas in matters of Shariah law. They have also served in positions of power, such as the case with Iran after the Islamic State took control in 1979. In Syria, Mullahs play an important role in the ongoing conflict between rival Islamic groups and foreign adversaries alike, valuing the protection of Islamic law while staving off Islamic extremists and attempting to restore democracy or civilized form of government to the war-torn nation.