The Agriculture and Economics of Peru Essay Example For Students

The Agriculture and Economics of Peru Essay Perus gross domestic product in the late 1980s was $19.6 billion, or about $920 per capita. Although the economy remains primarily agricultural, the mining and fishing industries have become increasingly important. Peru relies primarily on the export of raw materialschiefly minerals, farm products, and fish mealto earn foreign exchange for importing machinery and manufactured goods. During the late 1980s, guerrilla violence, rampant inflation, chronic budget deficits, and drought combined to drive the country to the brink of fiscal insolvency. However, in 1990 the government imposed an austerity program that removed price controls and ended subsidies on many basic items and allowed the inti, the national currency, to float against the United States dollar. About 35 percent of Perus working population is engaged in farming. Most of the coastal area is devoted to the raising of export crops; on the montaa and the sierra are mainly grown crops for local consumption. Many farms in Peru are very small and are used to produce subsistence crops; the country also has large cooperative farms. The chief agricultural products, together with the approximate annual yield (in metric tons) in the late 1980s, were sugarcane (6.2 million), potatoes (2 million), rice (1. We will write a custom essay on The Agriculture and Economics of Peru specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1 million), corn (880,000), seed cotton (280,000), coffee (103,000), and wheat (134,000). Peru is the worlds leading grower of coca, from which the drug cocaine is refined. The livestock population included about 3.9 million cattle, 13.3 million sheep, 1.7 million goats, 2. 4 million hogs, 875,000 horses and mules, and 52 million poultry. Llamas, sheep, and vicuas provide wool, hides, and skins. The forests covering 54 percent of Perus land area have not been significantly exploited. Forest products include balsa lumber and balata gum, rubber, and a variety of medicinal plants. Notable among the latter is the cinchona plant, from which quinine is derived. The annual roundwood harvest in the late 1980s was 7. 7 million cu m. The fishing industry is extremely important to the countrys economy and accounts for a significant portion of Perus exports. It underwent a remarkable expansion after World War II (1939-1945); the catch in the late 1980s was about 5.6 million metric tons annually. More than three-fifths of the catch is anchovies, used for making fish meal, a product in which Peru leads the world. The extractive industries figure significantly in the Peruvian economy. Peru ranks as one of the worlds leading producers of copper, silver, lead, and zinc; petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, molybdenum, tungsten, and gold are extracted in significant quantities. Annual production in the late 1980s included 3.3 million metric tons of iron ore; 406,400 metric tons of copper; 2054 metric tons of silver; 203,950 metric tons of lead; and 612,500 metric tons of zinc. About 64.9 million barrels of crude petroleum were produced, along with 578.3 million cu m of natural gas. Much manufacturing in Peru is on a small scale, but a number of modern industries have been established since the 1950s along the Pacific coast. Traditional goods include textiles, clothing, food products, and handicrafts. Items produced in large modern plants include steel, refined petroleum, chemicals, processed minerals, motor vehicles, and fish meal. In the late 1980s Peru had an installed electricity-generating capacity of approximately 3.7 million kw, and annual output was approximately 14.2 billion kwh. About three-quarters of the total electricity produced was generated in hydroelectric facilities. The unit of currency in Peru is the inti, divided into 100 cntimos; after being allowed to float against the U.S. dollar, the inti fluctuated wildly at between 200,000 and 400,000 to the dollar in mid-1990. The Banco Central de Reserva del Per (1922) is the central bank and bank of issue. All private domestic banks were nationalized in 1987. .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .postImageUrl , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:visited , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:active { border:0!important; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:active , .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3 .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7897ca973f0a8329d8992653a27580a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast Cancer In Women Essay Exports are more diversified in Peru than in most South American countries. The principal exports are petroleum, copper, lead, coffee, silver, fish meal, zinc, sugar, and iron ore. The chief export markets are the United States, Japan, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, and Great Britain. Exports earned about $2.7 billion annually in the late 1980s. The leading imports of Peru include electrical and electronic items, foodstuffs, metals, chemicals, and transportation equipment. The principal sources of these goods are the United States, Japan, Argentina, Germany, and Brazil. Imports cost about $2.8 billion annually in the late 1980s. Perus system of railroads, highways, and airports has been expanded considerably since World War II. The countrys mountains make surface transport difficult, however. In the late 1980s Peru had about 69,940 km (about 43,460 mi) of roads, of which 11 percent were paved. The main artery is a section of the .